An#160;Analysis#160;of#160;For#160;Whom#160;the#160;Bell#160;Tolls#160;from#160;the#160;Perspective#160;of Internal#160;Focalization 从内聚焦视角分析《丧钟为谁而鸣》开题报告

 2023-04-03 09:48:37

1. 研究目的与意义（文献综述包含参考文献）

1. Introduction1.1 Research backgroundErnestHemingway (1899-1961), an American writer and journalist, is known as one of the most famous novelists of the 20th century. He is also known as the spiritual monument of the American nation. As the founder of news-style novels, Hemingway devotes to concise and compact writing style. He expressed specific meaning in short sentences, which became a clear stream at that time. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. As one of the few novels about Spain, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) is also Hemingways longest representative novel. Hemingways novels are the embodiment and perception of his unique experience, which contains his unique spirit.The legendary war experience accompanied Hemingways life. In his early works, the lost generation is represented, and in his later works, The Generation begins to get rid of confusion and face failure bravely. However, as he participated in World War Ⅰ and reported the cruelty of World War Ⅱ as a war reporter, Hemingways works are always filled with tragedy. Yang Zhao (2019) thinks that Hemingways experience of war injury puts him in a state of post-death, and there is always a deep panic in his works. But For Whom the Bell Tolls is a transition among Hemingways novels and is the beginning for him to get rid of his confusion. Just like the protagonist Jordan, although he clearly predicted the end result, he still made death his destiny.For Whom the Bell Tolls has the distinctive writing characteristics of Hemingway, so this thesis analyzes the characters personalities in the novel from the perspective of internal focalization of narratology, and explores the deep connotation behind the novel.1.2 Literature review Since the birth of For Whom the Bell Tolls, many studies have been carried out by scholars at home and abroad. Most of these include character analysis, narrative art, eco-feminist theory and the relationship between Hemingway and Spain. In addition, the author also studies related content about narratology to strengthen the understanding of internal focalization.As an essential element in novels, characters also play a great role in For Whom the Bell Tolls. The protagonist Robert mentioned that he wanted to write a true book, and this true book is what Hemingway thought in his heart. Cohen, M. A. (2017) points out that the book is a fact that Hemingway was reluctant to reveal in the press because they undercut the idea that loyalists are good and fascists are evil. Such details are shown through realistic characters like Robert. As the only two women in the novel, Pilar and Marias roles are of unimaginable importance. Guill, S. (2011) believes that the liberation of women during the Spanish Civil War provides a background for exploring the characters Pilar and Maria in Hemingways novel--- For Whom the Bell Tolls. Looking at these women within the framework of Spanish New women, readers can have a deeper understanding of each role and have a new understanding of their relationships. In Hemingways books, the appearance of women is rare, and their image also has the characteristics of Hemingway. Just as Hemingways view of love produced characters like Pilar and Maria. Lewis, R. W. (1973) discusses romantic love in detail in Hemingways novels. Although it can be remembered, it ends in tragedy. His later works show the supremacy of brotherly love. Because Hemingways rich experience contributed to the rich characters of his novels, Donaldson, S. (2009) also mentions that Hemingways experience in various stages, including Hemingways introduction to gender history, news and political attitude.For Whom the Bell Tolls was set during the Spanish Civil War. Researchers (Eby, C. P., Cirino, M., 2016) explore Hemingways 40-year relationship with Spain throughout his career as a writer. His connection with Spain is not only reflected in emotion, psychology, aesthetics, literature, but also in politics, military, cooking, religion and other fields. Meanwhile, Wang Kunyuan (2019) combs the relationship between Hemingway and Spain, and explores Hemingways specific emotional trend towards Spain from the aspects of Hemingways participation in the international Brigade and watching bullfights. Li Shuxin (2006) points out that the names of guerrillas in the novel have a natural connection with Spain, and their names more or less reflect the unique culture of Spain. As Brooks, C., and Warren, R. P. (2004) believe that novels are the embodiment of life and the imaginative expression of life. Thus, Spains influence on Hemingway is far-reaching.This thesis will use the internal focalization of narratology to analyze For Whom the Bell Tolls. Narrative has always been the focus of ancient and modern scholars. From the narrative theory of ancient Greece to the narratology established in the 1960s. Scholars have studied the importance of narrative in literary works from different perspectives. As a part of narrative perspective, internal focalization is explained in detail by Genette, G. (2006), the representative of structuralist narratology. In Hemingways novels, the using of narrative perspective is very complex and flexible. Usually, external focus, internal focus and zero focus are always used interchangeably. It is the flexible transformation of these different perspectives that forms the multi-angle perspective of Hemingways novels and produces rich artistic effects. From the narrative perspective of Genette, G. (1985), the interpretation of perspective focus mode is the main way of current research, and its perspective classification is clearer. Shen Dan (1998) analyzes and compares the classification of focus perspectives by different experts, and expounds the advantages and disadvantages of different scholars views. Dong Xiaoying (2001) expresses the view that narrative perspective is not only a special vision and perspective for a work to see the world, but also a perspective from which a work hopes to be "seen". Fei Weida (1995) raises the point of who to tell the story and who to look at the characters and events from the perspective of creation. Zhang Wei (2003) says that Hemingway uses less omniscient narrative situation, more character narrative situation and internal focus perspective, less long narrative, more ellipsis, less typical environment, and directly writes people and things. The narration is more free, direct and changeable, creating an extremely simple and vigorous novel art. Because For Whom the Bell Tolls involves the dialogue element of iceberg theory, its theory also has enlightenment to this thesis. Liu, S. (2021) introduces the iceberg theory in detail with Hemingway's short stories. He believes that one eighth of the story attracts the attention of each reader and the other seven eighths inspires the enthusiasm of readers. As the theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls, in addition to anti-war thoughts, there are many aspects to ponder, such as heroism, tough guy spirit, love, ecology and so on, Dai Guiyu (2005) believes that in the book For Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway tries to achieve harmony between man and nature, gender harmony and harmony between people, which changes the human attitude of conquering nature and eliminates gender discrimination. 1.3 Need of the studyUnder the theoretical framework of internal focalization, the need of analyzing For Whom the Bell Tolls is discussed as follows: firstly, the characters in the novel have a large number of monologues, which can well demonstrate the skills of inner-focusing perspective, which can provide a convincing research example for internal focalization. By understanding what the characters know and feel, readers can better engage with the story. At the same time, the content not presented by the characters can also leave room for imagination to enhance readers cognition of the theme of the story.Secondly, the research is of a profound practical significance. The spiritual connotation embodied by the characters in the novel can resonate with the readers. Let readers reflect on the good and evil of human nature, the coexistence of ecology and human beings, and the harm brought by war. Although the real world is peaceful and developing, human nature, ecology and war are still the focus of extensive discussion and phenomena worthy of close attention.ReferencesBrooks, C., Warren, R. P. (2004). Understanding fiction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Cohen, M. A. (2017). Robert Jordans (and Ernest Hemingways) True Book: Myths and Moral Quandaries in For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Hemingway Review, 36 (2), 42-64. Donaldson, S. (2009). The Cambridge companion to Hemingway. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Eby, C. P., Cirino, M. (2016). Hemingways Spain: Imagining the Spanish world. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.Genette, G., Lewin, J. E., Culler, J. (2006). Narrative discourse: An essay in method. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Guill, S. (2011). Pilar and Maria: Hemingways Feminist Homage to the New Woman of Spain in For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Hemingway Review, 30 (2), 7-20.Lewis, R. W. (1973). Hemingway on love. New York: Haskell House.Liu, S. (2021). An Analysis of Iceberg Theory in Hills like White Elephants by Hemingway. Scientific and Social Research, 3 (2), 59-63.戴桂玉（2005），从《丧钟为谁而鸣》管窥海明威的生态女性主义意识，《外国文学研究》，（2）：105-111。

董小英（2001），《叙述学》。

北京：社会科学文献出版社。

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2. 研究的基本内容、问题解决措施及方案

1．What is the meaning of internal focalization perspective and what is the difference between it and other focus perspectives? 2．How does the internal focalization perspective express the characteristics of characters and the theme of the novel?3．What is the significance of analyzing novels from the perspective of internal focalization?Research method: literature method

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