Types of Language Change in English since Late19th Century开题报告

1.Domestic study on the types of language change in English

Globalization as a process of the worldwide economical, political, cultural and religious integration exert a multifaceted influence on changes in English language. English language is one of the best examples of a good change and development. Despite changes in certain areas, all in all English doesn’t change too fast.

Lexical changes in English language happen in a very noticeable way: new words appear, old words have new meanings and some just fade away. If you analyze modern media in English language, you can find out some sources of influence on language change: new technologies, modern ways of communication, slang, world problems, global culture, other foreign languages.

The changes that happen in English language are always researched and scientists make a conclusion: if you look through the most popular words of the last decade, you will find out that people who speak in English are concerned about war problems, climate change, ecology, technologies and even the names of the presidents which have influenced them most.

2.Foreign study on the types of language change in English

There are many different routes to language change. Language is a system that always changes. People permanently change language and the changes are systemic. For many people the nineteenth century was a time of rapid change. Levels of literacy and education also experienced a great change.

There are five types of language change that we need to know. They are: sound change, grammatical change, generic (unconditioned) change, semantic change and lexical. Language change may be broadly divided into two categories:external change and internal change.

External change is mainly caused by the adoption of borrowing whereas internal change is caused by the addition and loss of sounds and lexical items, coinages of new words and extensions.

2.1.Sound change is a term to describe the passage of historical transition from a given phoneme or group of phonemes to another. There are various theories that justify the causes of sound change. The first is that sound change is brought about by anatomical changes within the population. Others assign sound change to social and historical reasons and discover a link between political instability and linguistic instability.

2.2. Grammatical change is the change in grammar and vocabulary. By grammatical change, the members of a grammatical set are increased or reduced in number, and the means involved in marking grammatical categories are extended.

2.3. Lexical change. Indeed, there is no distinct dividing line between grammatical change and lexical change. Many a time the two intersect. The vocabulary of a language is more strictly called the ''lexis'' of a language, and it is lexical items which are examined.

2.4. Semantic change. According to referential theory given by Ullman in his book, 'Principles', 'a semantic change will occur whenever a new name becomes attached to a sense, or a new sense to a new name.' Semantic change is caused by ''linguistic, historical, environmental, psychological causes''. It is caused by ''foreign influences and the need for a new name''.

2.5. Generic (unconditioned change). A generic or unconditioned change is a change that affects every occurrence of a certain sound, no matter whereabout in the words it occurs.

3.Summary

In conclusion, changes occur both under the influence of the people within one culture, and under the influence of several cultures. As a result of research, it can be said with confidence that the language does not change independently, but precisely due to human activity and that the language is systemic, since today''s communication in the future will necessarily lead to at least insignificant, but still changes in the linguistic structure. Language is a phenomenon that develops according to its inherent laws, but, of course, not without human intervention, since it is he who carries out the act of communication. Studying changes in English within the English language, it turned out that changes occur constantly as a result of everyday communication. Language is the most important means of communication, thinking and the influence of people on each other, which is constantly changing in the course of communication.

I.Introduction

1.1 Describing the language change and what are their names

1.2 Thesis statement

II.The reasons and ways of language change

2.1 Language learning

2.2 Language contact

2.3 Social differentiation

2.4 Natural processes in usage

III.The analogy with evolution via natural selection

3.1 Evolution of language is an analogy to the evolution of species in Darwin’s theory

3.2 Key differences between grammar and genotypes

IV.Types of change

4.1 Sound

4.2 Grammatical

4.3 Generic

4.4 Semantic

4.5 Lexical

V. The results of language change

VI. Conclusion

[1]Aitchison, J. (2003). Language change in Linguistics (pp. 159 -170). London:

Hodder Headline. September 7, 2008 lt;http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au.ezprox

y.flinders.edu.au/reserve/072/c/20070904121719040.pdfgt;

[2] Crystal, D. (1992). The changing English language: Fiction and fact.In M. Ptz (ed). Thirty years of linguistic evolution (pp. 119 -130) Amsterdam: Benjamins. April 22, 2012 lt;http://www.davidcrystal.com/DC_articles/English58.pdfgt;

[3] Crystal, D. (2010). The future of Englishes: going local. In R. Facchinetti, D. Crystal, and B. Seidlhofer (eds), From International to local English-and back again (pp.17-25). Bern: Lang. on April 22, 2012 http://www.davidcrystal.com/DC_articles/English139.pdf

[4] Freeborn, D. (1992). From old english to standard English: A course book in language variation across time. London: Macmillan

[5] Gregory, G. (2011). Teaching and learning about language change (part 1). Changing English, 18(1), pp. 3-15.

[6] Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes: Implications for international communication and English language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[7] Arnold I.V. (1973) Lexicology of Modern English. Moscow “High school” Press.

[8] Electronic resources:

ru.wikipedia.org/wiki;

en.wikipedia.org/wiki;

http://www.traktat.com/language/book/lex_2/neo.php;

http://bse.sci-lib.com/article073987.html